The History of Gardening: A Timeline
From Ancient Times to 1700
35,000 BCE (BCE = Before
the Common Era, Christian Era, Roman-Cesar Era)
Evidence from archeological sites (tools, corprolites) indicates that Homo Sapiens at the end of the Paleolithic period had knowledge of many plants dervied from food gathering techniques. Different kids of fruits, nuts, and roots were only gathered, not cultivated.
15,000 BCE
"The history
of the origin of human civilizations and agriculture is, of course, much older than the
documentation in the form of pyramids, inscriptions and bas-reliefs or tombs can tell
us. A close acquaintance with cultivated plants and with the multitude of types and
their differentiation into geographical groups as well as their frequently sharp
physiological isolation from each other compel us to refer the very origin of cultivated
plants to such remote epochs, where periods of 5-10,000 years such as concern
archeologists represent but a brief moment."
- N.I. Vavilow, Origin and Geography of Cultivated Plants, 1987.
Dogs were used in
hunting in Iraq.
8500 BCE
In Mesopotamia,
humans raised domesticated goats, sheep, and cereal grains. Neolithic cultures involved
farming.
"Scientists have carried out carbon-14 testing of animal and plant remains and have
dated finds of domesticated
sheep at 9000 BC in northern Iraq; cattle in the 6th millennium BC in northeastern Iran;
goats at 8000 BC in
central Iran; pigs at 8000 BC in Thailand and 7000 BC in Thessaly; onagers, or asses, at
7000 BC in
Jarmo, Iraq; and horses at 4350 BC in Ukraine." Bio-Tech's History of Agriculture.
8000 BCE
"Certain cereals and pulses (legumes) were domesticated in very ancient times. In about 8000 BC in the Fertile Crescent of the Near and Middle East (present-day Syria, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Jordan, Israel), wheats, barley, lentil, pea, bitter vetch, chick-pea, and possibly faba bean, were brought into cultivation by the Neolithic people. These crops spread from the point of origin. Archaeological evidence indicates that the wheats, and some of the legumes, had reached Greece by 6000 BC and evidence of their presence within that millennium has been found in the Danube Basin, the Nile valley, and the Indian subcontinent (Pakistan). Dispersal continued throughout Europe, the crops reaching Britain and Scandinavia in 4,000-2,000 BC." - The New Oxford Book of Food Plants [Vaughan 1997]
"The first evidence for plant domestication is approximately10,000 years old, but the first society in which people were primarily dependent on domesticated crops and livestock does not appear until about 6,000 years ago."
Khabur Basin farming in Syria.
"The only factor that can account for the irreversible and nearly uniform emergence of agriculture throughout the world is the grown of populations beyond the size that hunting and gathering would support." Mark Cohen's Thesis. [Heiser 1990]
7000 BCE
People in Central America cultivate corn
and other crops.
People at Tepe Ali Khosh in Iran cultivated 'Emmer' and 'Einkorn'
wheat. [Baker 1978]
Gardening
myths
Chatal Huyuk
is the largest Neolithic site in the Near East.
Rice cultivation in Yangtze
Valley of China.
6000 BCE
Evidence of cultivation of wheat (but not breadwheat), barley (naked, not
hulled), and lentils were found in
the Neolithic Greek cultures
of Thessaly, Crete, and the Cyclades.
Evidence of rice
cultivation at Ho-mu-tu in South China; and, at Ban-po-ts'un in North China.
Oranges cultivated
in India and Tigris River Valley.
Awards
and Reviews
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5000 BCE
Wild pod corn is cultivated in the Tehuacan valley in
Mexico. [Baker 1978]
Millet grown along the Yellow River (Huang Ho) in
China.
The Native people of North America inhabit river flood
plains and cultivate crops.
Irrigation begins in the Middle East. [Heiser 1990]
Cotton
grown in Mexico.
Domestication of some wild plants by people living in the Mississippi River drainage basin
4800 BCE
Archeological evidence from Tehuacan in south central Mexico shows that maize, squash, chili peppers, avocados, and amaranth were cultivated. [Heiser 1990]
Domestication of citrus species in various parts of the world. Sweet Oranges by Stephen Hui.
4500 BCE
Evidence of managed woodlands in Britain.
4000 BCE
"As in the case of the cereals, the legumes are amongst the oldest crops cultivated by the human race. Between the cereals and legumes there is a parallel domestication: wheat, barley, pea, lentil, broad bean, and chick pea in West Asia and Europe; maize and common bean in Central America; ground nut in South America; pearl millet, sorghum, cowpea, and bambara groundnut in Africa; rice and soya bean in China." - - The New Oxford Book of Food Plants, xviii, 1997, by J. G . Vaughan and C. A. Geissler.
Farming in Mesopotamia by Sumerians. Hittites.
Indus Valley agriculture is very extensive: wheat, peas, sesame seed, barley, dates, mangoes.
3900 BCE
Rice grown in Southeast Asia, Korat area of Thailand.
Ancient World Web Index, Ancient
Scripts - Web Resources
3500
Egyptian agriculture using
extensive irrigation techniques.
Cotton growing and cotton
textiles quite advanced in India, and reamained so until the 13th century.
3000 BCE
Written manuals for the use of herbs in medicine
existed in Mesopotamia (now Iraq) and in China. Herbal remedies were widely used by the ancient people.
Potatoes are cultivated in the Andes mountains of Peru.
Lost Crops of the Incas
Egyptians in the Nile Valley manufacturing and wearing cotton clothes.
Egyptian tomb paintings show walled gardens with fish ponds and fruit trees.
Carved water basin from Tello in Mesopotamia. [Hirst 1999]
Olives
cultivated in Crete and Syria.
2700 BCE
Rhubarb cultivated in China for
medicinal purposes.
Egyptians used over 500 plants, wild and cultivated, for medicinal
purposes.
Chinese Emperor Shen Nung's plant classification lists.
2500 BCE
Rice
was an important food in Mohenjo-Daro
near the Arabian Sea, and in the Yangtze Basin in China.
Cotton was cultivated and its fibers spun and woven in Peru and the
Indus Valley of Asia. [Baker 1978]
Figs, grape vines, pomegranates, and dates in cultivation in Egypt and
Asia. The first garden art was probably decorated grape arbors [Gothein 1928].
Olive trees cultivated in Crete.
2000 BCE
Native Americans are growing many varieties of corn,
beans, squash, sunflowers, as well as using many wild plants as foods.
Egyptians making paper from the papyrus plant. Watermelon
cultivated in Africa, tea and bananas in India, apples in the
Indus Valley.
1750 BCE
The Hammurabic Code. Includes sections on maintaining irrigation canals and ditches, and property laws regarding gardens.. Sumerian "Farmer's Almanac."
1495 BCE
Queen Hatshepsut
of Egypt imports trees from conquered territory in North Africa.
Farming in
Ancient Egypt
One of the oldest surviving garden plans is for the garden of a court
official in Thebes.
1167 BCE
Ramses III, Egyptian King, (1198-1167) benefactor to many grand temple gardens and public buildings.
1000 BCE
Irrigation begins in in Mexico. [Heiser 1990]
Sacred
Places: Trees and the Sacred.
Tiglath
Pileser I, King in Mesopotamia, enthusiastic gardener
800 BCE
Peanuts cultivated in Peru.
700 BCE
Works and Days by Hesiod.
540 BCE
Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Built by slaves
and peasants directed by King Nebuchadnezzar II.
Sugar cane grown
along the Indus River.
485 BCE
King Darius the Great (521-485) and his paradise garden in Persia.
440 BCE
Herodotus of Halicarnassos (484-426) writes on history, customs and life in the ancient world.
377 BCE
Hippocrates (circa 460-377) Greek physician. Wrote 87 treatises. Many herbal remedies.
350 BCE
Gardens at the Academy, Athens, Greece
Natural history references in the Jewish
sacred scriptures - Pentateuch.
Trees: Living Links to
the Classical Past. By John M. McMahon.
322 BCE
Aristotle
(384-322) Greek philosopher and scientist.
Wrote 26 treatises on natural science.
On Plants, Parts of Animals, On the Soul,
Generation, Physics, On the Heavens.
Theophrastus inherited Aristotle's botanic
garden in Athens, and many of Aristotle's treatises.
Books on plants and gardening written by Theophrastus.
Theophrastus
is considered by some to be the "Father of Botany."
Exchange of information, seeds and plants between Greece and Persia.
301 BCE
History of Plants and Theoretical Botany by Theophrastus.
Trees: Living Links to the Classical Past.
By John M. McMahon.
Summary
of Greek biology.
271 BCE
Epicurus (341-271)
used a large garden for gatherings and walks. The Philosophy Garden
Upon the Gardens
of Epicurus; or, Of Gardening. By Sir William Temple, 1685.
207 BCE
The opulent and extensive gardens and palace of the first Chinese emperor Ch'in Shih Huang-ti were burned by peasants and Confucian rebels.
200 BCE
King Dutthagamini in India has a large artwork of the Sacred Fig
Tree (Buddha's tree) made of precious materials and placed in the Great Gold Dust Dagoba
park and gardens.
Gardens at Pompeii, Italy
[Helphand 1977]
Greco-Roman
eating, drinking, farming, farming and starving exhibit.
Almonds cultivated in
Greece.
149 BCE
Cato
(234-149) wrote on the simple country life.
De Agriculture, by Cato the Elder, emphasizes planting olives
and grapes.
100 BCE
Grain harvesting at Karanis, Egypt
The Shang Lin (Great Grove) immense imperial garden of the Chinese
emperor Wu-ti.
Shanlin
Yuan ("yuan" is chinese for "garden") occupied over 1000 km˛ and
contained more than 300 palaces.
87 BCE
The royal park and gardens of the Chinese Emperor Wu Ti (140-87) in
West China, Chang-an.
The Roman's staple grain was spelt.
40 BCE
De Re Rustica. Varro (116-27). Roman agriculture. Varro was a prolific author, and he noted that there were over 40 known treatises available on the subject in 40 BCE.
29 BCE
Georgics. Virgil. Roman rural
life.
Celtic Druids and
Sacred Trees
50
De Materia Medica. Dioscorides the Greek. Herbal medicine.
60
De Re Rustica, On Agriculture and Trees ...
Columella.
79
Natural History (Naturalis Historica). Pliny the Elder (23-79). Roman naturalist.
90
De Aquae Ductibus. Frontinus. Waterworks in the garden and farm.
105
Tuscan villa at the base of the Apennies
113
Pliny the Younger (61-113) Letters about villa gardens.
138
Emperor Hadrian's Villa near Tivoli.
250
The administrators of the Roman Empire (circa 100 BCE - 500 AD) actively exchanged information on agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry, hydraulics, and botany. Seeds and plants were widely shared.
Chinese making paper from rags, bark, hemp and other fibrous materials. [Baker 1978]
400
The Palace Garden at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka
460
Sidonius writes about his Roman villa in Lac d'Aydat in Auvergne,
France.
Flora of Southeast Asia (Nan-fang ts'ao-mu chuang) by Hui-lin
Li.
Chinese "scholar gardens."
550
Domestication of coffee takes place in Arabia until 800.
[Baker 1978] Coffee
drinking popular in Arabia.
In the year 2000, coffee imports and exports are second only to oil on
the world trade market.
560
Ono No Imoko, Japanese Buddhist priest and scholar, living by
a lake "ikebono", developed an elemental Ikebana flower arrangement style.
Mayan
agriculture research
618
The Chinese emperor Yang-ti constructs the vast imperial garden
called The Western Garden.
Suzho, China
- "City of Gardens"; Pi Jiang Garden.
670
St. Fiacre - Patron Saint
of Gardeners ( 620-670)
Sacred Trees of the Celts
735
Venerable Bede, Saint Bede (673-735) English historian, scholar,
and theologian.
De Natura Rerum - Medieval science. Many
notes on monastic kitchen gardens.
750
Use of the Green Man in art and lore becomes widespread in Christian Europe. Internet resources include: The Search for the Green Man and Who is the Green Man. Books on the subject include: Green Man: The Archetype of Our Oneness with the Earth by William Anderson, 1990. The Green Man by Kathleen Basford, 1978. The Jack in The Green by Roy Judge, 1979.
Arabs capture Chinese papermakers at Samarkand and adopt the process for papermaking.
800
The city of Baghdad is a center of Arab Islamic culture. Extensive scientific work on agriculture and botany for many centuries before and after.
812
Charlemagne (742-812) King of Franks, Emperor of Western Europe, patron of arts, sciences, and literature. Experimented with plants in a private garden and coordinated planting efforts on estates.
850
Hortulus- Liber de Cultura Hortorum (Book Concerning the
Cultivation of Gardens). Walafridus Strabo (809-849).
Viking Age
Foodstuffs
900
Cordova, Moorish
Spain, center for botanical studies and libraries and learning. Information.
Byzantine and Medieval Studies Links
Tofu commonly eaten in China.
1044
The
Great Hunger of 1044: The Progress of a Medieval Famine
Sacred
Trees in Celtic Traditions
1050
Tale of Genji. Japanese court novel describes
aristocratic gardens.
A Chinese scholar's
garden.
1080
The Book of Agriculture. Ibn Bassal, Arab botanist, plant collector, and horticulturist.
1085
The great Arab libraries in Toledo, Spain, provide Europeans access to sophisticated Islamic and Greek writings in science and agriculture. The success of Arab agriculture in Andalusia, Spain, is renowned.
1094
Sakuteiki. Tachibana no Toshitsuna.
Japan treatise on garden design.
1122
The Chinese emperor Hui-tsung has the famous Ken Yeh Garden
"The Impregnable Peak" constructed.
Manor
system in Europe. A manor was roughly 900 to 2,000 acres of arable land.
1180
Al-Awwam writing on Andalusian agriculture and garden design.
Moorish Spain.
Ibn Baitar
writing on medicinal plants: Collection of Simple Drugs and Food.
1191
Tea from China becomes popular in Japan.
1227
Vatican botanical garden founded. A medicinal or physic garden
which still exists today, although in a different location.
St.
Frances of Assisi (1182-1126). A holy man now known for his love of animals and
nature, and his kindness.
1250
The Japanese Buddhist priest Eisai (1141-1215) utilized a tea ritual as
praticed in Chinese Buddhist temples.
Medieval European views about the
spontaneous generation of organisms.
1260
De vegetabilibus. Saint Albert the Great. (1193-1280).
1280
Marco Polo visits the palace garden of the Mogol ruler, Kubilai, in China. Then he reports on visiting the famous Hsi Hu (West Lake) imperial gardens in the largest and probably most advanced city in the world at the time - (Kinsay) Hangchou, China. He brought some new pasta making techniques back to Europe.
1305
Opus Ruralium Commodorum, by Petrus de Crescentiis of
Bologna.
Medieval
agriculture.
1339
Koki-dera (Moss Garden) of Muso Soseki, Japan.
Herding
dogs used on European manors.
1350
The great formal gardens of the Moorish Arabs (e.g.,
Generallife in the Alhambra, Granada,
Spain) set standards.
Decameron. Giovanni Boccaccio. County
gardens provide a retreat for those fleeing the plague.
1357
The Black Death in Europe. A plague that reduced the population of Europe by 60%.
1400
1450
Illustrations for Designing Mountain, Water, and
Hillside Field Landscapes. Zoen, Japanese landscape architect.
Emperor Yoshimasa of Japan made flower arrangement part of universal
education.
Johann Gutenberg began printing with moveable type in Mainz, Germany.
By 1500, the world of ideas would never be the same in Western Europe because of
this single invention.
1460
The Gart der Gesundheit. Printed
in Mainz. Herbal medicine.
Hortus Sanitatis. Printed in Mainz.
Herbal medicine.
Fifteenth Century Life in
Europe - Roses
1472
De re aedificatoria. Leone
Battista Alberti (1404-1472). Renaissance scholar.
The Topkapi Palace in Turkish Constantinople has renowned fruit trees,
gardens and landscaping.
1490
Temple garden of Royanjii, Japan.
1492
Voyage of Christopher Columbus from
Spain to the edge of the Americas.
The beginning of plant exchanges between
Europe and the Americas.
1497
Portuguese control the spice trade in the Indian Ocean.
1510
Sunflowers from South America introduced in Spain.
1513
Daisen-in garden in Koyoto, Japan. Designed by
So-ami. This is a famous dry garden (Kare-Sanuui).
Hampton Court
Gardens, England. By Linda Johnson.
1516
First use of the term 'herbal' per the Oxford English Dictionary.
1528
Hernando Cortes introduces vanilla beans, fava beans, cocoa, sweet potatoes, and haricot to Spain.
1529
Historia General de Nueva Espana. Bernardino de Sahugun. Aztec gardening arts reported.
1530
Gardens of Babur (1483-1530), Mughal Emperor, in Persia
and India.
Persian botanical art, particularly miniatures, is renowned.
Plants exchanged
between Europe and the Americas.
1533
Oldest university chair of botany in Europe, founded in
Padua by the Venetian Republic.
Spainards started caco tree plantations in Venezuela and Trinidad.
1535
Nature Mysticism of Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim (1487-1535) and Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493-1541).
1543
Europe's first bontanic garden, established in Pisa by
botany professor Luca Ghini.
Potatoes from South America, via Spain, cultivated in Europe.
1545
The Ikenobo School
"formulated the principles of rikka arrangements by naming the
seven principal branches used in
that type of arrangement."
1550
Villa Medici in Rome.
Europe's first museum of natural history in Bologna.
The first printed almanacs in English become available.
1555
Georgius Agricola [George Buaer}
(1494-1555) German geologist, metallurgist, and paleontologist.
Carolus Clusius, Dutch botanist, cultivating tulip bulbs imported from
Constantinople.
Fuch's
Botanical. Leonhard Fuchs (1501-1566).
1557
Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry: A Book
of Huswifery. Thomas Tusser.
Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdes (1478-1557) Described flora of New World.
1561
De Historia Plantarum. Valerius Cordus.
1568
William Turner (1510-1568), "Father of English Botany."
1569
Nicolas Monardes writing about the botany of the New
World based on Spanish accounts.
The Profitable Arte of Gardening. Thomas
Hill. Herbal medicine.
1570
Villa d'Este, Little Rome, constructed at Tivoli,
Italy. Elaborate water garden.
Spanish explorers bring potatoes back to
Europe.
Francisco Hernandez, private physician to Philip II of Spain, explores
the New World and reports on over 1,000 plants considered of medicinal value. This
research was not published until 1651 as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae.
The Enchanted Gardens of the Renaissance Facts about three Renaissance gardens near Rome: Villa D'Este - Tivoli, Villa Lante - Bagnaia, Bomarzo's Sacred Groves.
Quotes for Gardeners
Quotes, Sayings, Proverbs, Poetry, Maxims, Quips,
Cliches, Adages, Wisdom
A Collection Growing to Over 2,000 Quotes, Arranged by 105 Topics
Many of the Documents Include Recommended Readings and Internet Links.
Compiled by Michael P. Garofalo
1576
Conrad Heresbach (1496-1576) The Whole Art and Trade of Husbandry, Contained in Foure Bookes.
1577
Gardener's Labyrinth. Thomas Hill (Didymus Mountain).
1580
Villa Lante, Renaissance garden, Bagnaia, Italy.
1583
Great Pharmacopoeia. Li
Shih-Chen (Li Shi-Zhen). Chinese botanist. Botanical medicine.
De Plantis Libri. Andrea Cesalpino. A very
important book in the history of botany. Plants grouped by physical characteristics
(morphology) rather than by medicinal properties.
1586
Sir Frances Drake brings sassafras from America to
England. [Rupp 1990]
Gardens in the Netherlands.
Vicino Orsini's
garden at Bomarzo, Italy.
1591
Sen no Soyeki or Rikyu (1522-1591).
Japanese tea master, poet, and garden lover.
Tea.
A great selection of teas and teaware; and some good information about tea.
First French botanic garden in Montpellier. Influenced by Moorish Spain.
1595
Frances Bacon prepares lists of common garden plants.
Floriculture and plant collecting are very popular in England and the Low Countries.
1597
The Herbal of Generall Historie of Plants.
John Gerard. 1360 pages.
The Dutch take over from the Portuguese in contolling the spice trade
in the Indian Ocean.
1600
European forests are becoming depleted, and shortages of wood effect various industries. In later years, coal, petroleum, hydroelectric and finally nuclear power sources are increasingly utilized. [Ponting 1991]
Mannerism in gardening.
1603
Hyde Park, London, opened to the public by King James
I.
Isagoges in Rem Herbarium. Spigelius. Important for
his instructions on making dried herbarium specimens.
Akbar the Great (1556-1605), Mogul emperor of India and garden lover.
1607
Sassafras beverages are very popular in England. [Rupp 1990]
1612
The beginning of tobacco cultivation in
Virginia.
History of Agriculture in
Colonial America.
Florilegium. Emanuel Sweert. Flowering plants.
Europeans are introduced to drinking tea. Tea
products and information.
1613
Hortus Eystettensis. Besler. 660
species of flowering plants.
Florilegium Novum. Jean Theodore de Bry. Flowering
plants.
1615
The English Hus-Wife. Gervase Markham.
1618
The Country House-Wife's Garden. William
Lawson. Includes knot garden designs.
A New Orchard and Garden. William Lawson.
1621
First botanic garden in England, the Oxford Physic
Garden.
Americans are busy brewing
beer.
Novum organum. Frances Bacon. The scientific method
of observation and experiment is advocated.
The first American Thanksgiving feast was celebrated in Plymouth Colony
by the pilgrims and Massasoit Indians.
Katsura Rikyu
Imperial Villa, Kyoto, Japan
1623
Pinax. By Gaspard Bauhin. Exhaustive compilation of plant names and descriptions, later helpful to Linneaus.
1624
Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624), Pinax Theatri Botanici. Used a clear concept of genus and species in his botannical classification of 6,000 plants.
1625
Of Gardens. Francis Bacon. An essay on the ideal 30 acre farm.
1629
Paradisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris.
John Parkinson.
Native American Technology and Art
An excellent site developed by Tara Pringle. Lots of good information,
articles, and links.
1630
The city of Constantinople is renowned for flower
gardens and horticulture for centuries before and after.
Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ambassador from the court of Ferdinand I in
Vienna, brings back tulips and other bulbs given to him by Suleiman the Magnificent in
Istanbul, Turkey. The Dutch soon began growing tulips as a major cash crop.
The Dutch had greatly expanded their fertile agricultural land by over 400,000
acres by draining lakes and swamps with windmills and using dykes and levies to control
the water.
1635
Yuan Yeh. Chi Ch'eng.
Treatise on Chinese rock gardens.
The Jardin des Plantes was established in Paris.
The peak of Tulip buying mania amonst wealthy Dutch collectors.
1637
John Tradescant The Younger makes his first trip to Virginia, America.
1638
John Tradescant the Elder (1570
- 1638) Gardener to Charles I of England, and avid plant collector.
Honeybees introduced into the American colonies.
1642
In Japan, Matsudaira Yorishige greatly improves the Ritsurin Koen estate and
gardens in Takamatsu City, Shikoku island, Japan.
1646
Hesperides, sive De Malorum aureorum Cultura et Usus Libri Quator (Hesperides, or Four Books on the Culture and Use of the Golden Apples). By J. B. Ferrarius. A massive study (500 pages) of the cultivation of citrus crops.
1647
Rice cultivation begins in North and South Carolina. Sweet potato cultivation in Virginia. The New England rum industry uses sugar and molasses. The Caribbean islands grow sugar cane. [Root 1980]
1648
Jean Baptiste van Helmont conducts experiments with water, soil and plants.
1650
Of Agriculture By Abraham Cowley (1618-1667).
European Garden History Presented by Trans Europe Tours. Tours of famous 15th to 18th century gardens in England, Scotland, Wales, France, Belgium and the Netherlands.
Cultivating Canadian Gardens: A History of Gardening In Canada. Presented by the National Library of Canada. Interesting facts about Huron agriculture, Canadian flora, pioneer gardens, and 19th Century seed catalogs. Includes a bibliography, links, and photographs.
The Enchanted Gardens of the Renaissance Facts about three Renaissance gardens near Rome: Villa D'Este - Tivoli, Villa Lante - Bagnaia, Bomarzo's Sacred Groves.
Roman Catholic Archbishop Usher estimates that the world is 6000 years old, and Adam was alive in 4004 B.C..
1652
A Design for Plentie, by a Universall Planting of
Fruit Trees. Samuel Hartlib.
The English Physician (Culpepper's Complete Herbal).
Nicholas Culpepper.
Coffee being used in England. Coffee
Specialties: Products and Information
Gardens in the Netherlands.
1653
A Treatise of Fruit Trees. Ralph A. Austen.
1654
Taj Mahal in India.
1655
Ferrari, Giovanni Battista (1584-1655). Flora, Ouero, Cultura di Fiori.
1656
Musaeum Tradescantianum. John Tradescant the Younger (1608-1662). Plant collector.
The Tradescants' botanical garden at Lambeth, England, had over 1600 named plants in cultivation.
1659
Imperial garden, Katsura, in Japan.
Shugaku, pleasure garden in Kyoto, Japan.
1663
The Compleat Gard'ner.
John Evelyn.
Kalendarium Hortense. John Evelyn.
Popular gardening almanac.
William Coles (1626-1662). The Art of Simpling.
1664
Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees. John Evelyn (Portrait)
1665
The
Age of Discovery
Flora. John Rea.
Micrographia. Robert Hooke. He
devised a useful lighted compound microscope. Described the celluar structure of
cork.
1670
First Scotish botanic garden, in Edinburgh.
The English Garden. Leonard Meager.
Yamato honzo (The Flora of Japan). Kaibara Ekken.
1671
The Anatomy of Plants by Nehemiah Grew and Anatome Plantarum Idea by Marcello Malpighi. Detailed works on the anatomy of plants.
1673
Chelsea Physic Garden in England founded by the Society of Apothecaries.
1676
Terra, a Philosophical Discourse of Earth.
John Evelyn.
Flora Ceres et Pomona. John Rea.
1677
Systema Horticulturae, or the Art of Gardening.
John Woolridge.
Nurseryman William Lucas's list of plants for sale.
1682
Methodus Plantarum Nova.
John Ray.
Heligan
("The Willows") Gardens, Cornwall, England. Lost Gardens of Heligan.
1685
Upon
the Gardens of Epicurus; or, Of Gardening. By Sir William Temple
(1628-1699).
Rural Retirement to
English Gardens.
Summary of the late 17th Century achievements in microscopy.
1686
Historia Plantarum. John
Ray.
American kitchen gardens from 1600-1800 were planted based on
astrology, featured many herbs, used raised beds well dunged and dug in the autumn, and
were fenced in to keep animals out.
1697
Honcho shoku-kagami (Mirror of the Culinary Items
of Japan). Hirano Hitsudai.